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What are the different foundations used in building construction |structural design | civil engineering
Foundation is the structural component which is exists below the ground level. The basic need of the foundation is to transfer the load (gravity load or vertical load) to the ground surface. The load initially created at slabs and beams related to the wall load and floor load then it will transfer to the columns and through the columns it will distribute to the foundation section. In this article you can able to learn about what are the different types of the foundations used in the building construction as per the requirements.
Types of foundations used in building construction
The below specified flow chart indicates the classification of foundation in building constriction.
Foundation is classified in to two different main types related to the shallow foundations and deep foundations. Under the shallow foundations it is having types like isolated footing, combined foundation, strip footing and raft foundation. And again under the section of deep foundation it is having types like pile foundation and drilled shafts or caissons.
Shallow foundation
Isolated footing
The isolated footing is also called as individual footings and these are the most commonly seen footings in small building constructions. The isolated or individual footing is having basic shapes like rectangular, square, polygon depending upon the requirements in the site. The dimension of the footing like length, width, height of footing will be depending upon the loading distribution and soil bearing capacity values. If the value of load is more then we have to increase the dimensions of the footing and in case if the load is less then we have to decrease the dimensions of the footing.
Combined footing
The combined footing is used in the constriction when the centre to centre distance between the columns is less and if the isolated footings are overlaps each other. The combined footing is having rectangular shapes and the connection is made between the two vertical columns. It is also known as combination of two isolated footings but the design concept is different.
Strip foundation
The strip foundations are comes under the shallow foundation type. And these are used to provide the continuous support to the linear structure such as walls and columns etc that are build above eccentrically. This type of footings is used in the soils which is having good soil bearing capacity values.
Raft or mat foundation
The raft or mat foundation is used in the heavy constructions and high rise building structures where the loading distribution is required. The raft or mat foundation is also comes under the type of shallow foundation. In this foundation a large rectangular slab is constructed under the building. The loading distribution will takes place to the all directions for the slab through the provided columns which are exists above the slab section. The raft foundation is initially built below the ground surface and then the remaining structure is made above.
Deep foundations
Pile foundation
Pile foundations are comes under the type of deep category. This type of foundation is used in building construction when the ground is near to the ground surface and it is not suitable for heavy loads. In this type the foundation resists with the help of the skin friction. The main advantage of pile foundation is to prevent the differential settlements.
Drilled shafts or caissons foundation
This type of foundation generally used in the constructions where the heavy loading is developed in the super structure. The drilled shafts or caissons or deep piles are used to support the super structure as per the loading distribution. Depending upon the various requirements the caisson foundations are available with the types of box caissons, excavated caissons, floating caissons, open caissons, pneumatic caissons and sheeted caissons etc.
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Well now the above explained concepts are comes under the types of foundations used in the building design as per the standards. The foundations are basically classified in to two types one is related to the shallow foundation and second one is deep foundation. The types related to the isolated, combined, Strip and mat are considered under the case of shallow foundation and the types related to the pile foundation and drilled shafts or caissons which are comes under the deep foundations. Depending upon the loading action and loading distribution the values of foundation increases.
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